# Thuật ngữ

Tên Chú thích
macOS Hệ điều hành UNIX riêng của Apple và là "What makes a Mac a Mac"(Điều biến Mac thực sự là Mac).
Windows Hệ điều hành của Microsoft tương thích máy tính khác nhau (hãy sử dụng nó nếu bạn không muốn đau đầu).
Linux Các hệ điều hành tương tự UNIX (Unix-like), có mã nguồn mở dựa trên Linux Kernel. Chúng thường được phát hành dưới dạng các Distro. Mặc dù Linux và macOS cùng dựa trên nhân UNIX, chúng vẫn rất KHÁC BIỆT so với nhau.
Distros Viết tắt của chữ Distributions. Linux distros are how Linux is distributed. Tuy nhiên, khi nói đến macOS, distros là các bộ cài macOS được mod bằng một số tool không phải của Apple. Đừng sử dụng các macOS Distro.
Hackintosh Là quá trình cài đặt macOS trên PC, lưu ý rằng Hackintosh KHÔNG PHẢI LÀ HỆ ĐIỀU HÀNH, nó có thể được hiểu như là máy tính bị "hack" để macOS có thể chạy được. VD: Ta cài macOS trên máy Windows, chính bởi vậy ta có Hackintosh. Nhưng ta đã KHÔNG cài "Hackintosh".
Bootloader Phần mềm sử dụng để vào hệ điều hành, thường được viết bởi những người viết ra hệ điều hành. OpenCore không hẳn là một bootloader (xem chú thích bên dưới). Boot.efi của Apple mới là bootloader thật cho Mac hoặc Hackintosh.
Boot Manager Phần mềm quản lí bootloader – chúng ta có: Clover, systemd-boot, OpenCore, rEFInd, rEFIt... Chúng thường dùng để chuẩn bị máy để vào bootloader

Tên Chú thích
OpenCore The new hotness on the Hackintosh scene, made with security in mind by the Acidanthera team (opens new window), has faster booting and lighter weight than Clover. It is a lot more work to set up but also supports many things a lot more natively than Clover (like Hibernation, FileVault 2, Boot HotKeys...).
Clover A bootloader now considered legacy with the release of OpenCore. This guide will not be covering uses of this software.
ACPI The Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) provides an open standard that operating systems can use to discover and configure computer hardware components, more of this will be discussed later in the guide
.AML The compiled file format of ACPI, and what your PC will execute. .DAT is another extension with the exact same use.
.DSL Source code của ACPI – thứ mà bạn chỉnh sửa và compile cho máy tính của bạn. Đừng mix this file format up with .ASL.
Kexts Viết tắt của từ Kernel Extensions, là các driver của macOS. Chúng được sử dụng cho nhiều tasks khác nhau như device drivers hoặc cho một mục đích khác (khi Hackintosh) như patching patch cái hệ điều hành, inject thông tin hoặc thực thi các task. Kexts không những là phần duy nhất Hackintosh tốt, mà chúng còn thường được kếp hợp với các ACPI patch và sửa chửa.
BIOS The Basic Input/Output System là firmware được dùng để perform hardware initialization during the booting process (power-on startup), and to provide runtime services for operating systems and programs. The BIOS firmware comes preinstalled on a personal computer's system board, and it is the first software to run when powered on (source: Wikipedia). It's a legacy piece of software that was made back in the 70s and is still used to this day due to its maturity.
UEFI The Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) is a specification that defines a software interface between an operating system and platform firmware. UEFI replaces the legacy Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) firmware interface originally present in all IBM PC-compatible personal computers, with most UEFI firmware implementations providing support for legacy BIOS services. UEFI can support remote diagnostics and repair of computers, even with no operating system installed. (source: Wikipedia)
UEFI Drivers Like any other OS, UEFI has drivers and they're loaded by Clover or OpenCore. They're also meant to load devices or perform other tasks, like loading Apple's HFS drives with HfsPlus.efi, patching macOS's boot.efi and so on. You may find them as Clover Drivers or OpenCore Drivers, they're all UEFI drivers. (Note: only use drivers that are meant for that specific boot manager. More info can be found on the Clover Conversion page (opens new window)).

Term Description
EFI It can denote two things:
- Mac's firmware, which is the same as UEFI, but pretty modified for Macs only, so not so "Universal"
- The partition on your hard drive that stores software read by the UEFI to load OSes (like the Windows bootloader) or UEFI Applications (like OpenCore), it's FAT32 formatted and has an ID type of EF00 (in hex). It can be named ESP or SYSTEM, and it's usually from 100MB to 400MB in size but the size doesn't reflect upon anything.
MBR Master Boot Record is a special type of boot sector at the very beginning of partitioned computer mass storage devices like fixed disks or removable drives intended for use with IBM PC-compatible systems and beyond. The concept of MBRs was publicly introduced in 1983 with PC DOS 2.0. The MBR holds the information on how the logical partitions, containing file systems, are organized on that medium. The MBR also contains executable code to function as a loader for the installed operating system—usually by passing control over to the loader's second stage, or in conjunction with each partition's volume boot record (VBR). This MBR code is usually referred to as a boot loader (source: Wikipedia). This format is used on BIOS/Legacy setups. The MBR format supports a maximum of 2TiB of size and a max of 4 Primary partitions.
GPT GUID Partition Table (GPT) is a standard for the layout of partition tables of a physical computer storage device, such as a hard disk drive or solid-state drive, using universally unique identifiers, which are also known as globally unique identifiers (GUIDs). Forming a part of the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) standard (Unified EFI Forum-proposed replacement for the PC BIOS), it is nevertheless also used for some BIOS systems, because of the limitations of master boot record (MBR) partition tables, which use 32 bits for logical block addressing (LBA) of traditional 512-byte disk sectors (source: Wikipedia). Usually, this is the disk format you want to use on a UEFI system.

Term Description
EC Embedded Controller. Communicates between the main board and embedded peripherals such as hotkeys, ports, or battery.
PLUG Allows for XCPM, Apple XNU Power Mananagement, to attach allowing for better overall CPU control. Only supported on Haswell and newer.
AWAC ACPI Wake Alarm Counter Clock, the board's internal clock. Contrast with the Real-Time Clock (RTC). MacOS cannot communicate with AWAC clocks, so they must be patched.
PMC Power Management Controller, on B360, B365, H310, H370, Z390 motherboards OEMs forgot to map this region and so need SSDT-PMC to avoid page-faults
PNLF Internal backlight display, macOS uses this PNLF device to send and recieve info for brightness control
XOSI/_OSI _OSI is used deternine what OS is being booted, renaming to XOSI allows us to trick hardware into thinking we're booting a different OS
HPET High Precision Event Timer, OSes use this to determine how to communicate with devices(IRQ). macOS can be very picky on how devices are set, so we need to sometimes patch the HPET.
RHUB Root USB Hub, where USB ports are defined. If certain defintions are missing here, USB ports may not work in macOS
IMEI Intel Management Engine Interface, handles misc tasks. In macOS, Apple relies on the IMEI for Intel GPU acceleration. If using an unknown ID like using a 7 series chipset with Sandy Bridge, macOS will be unable to find it for GPU acceleration.
UNC Uncore Bridge, similar to a North Bridge it handles many cache related functions. Many times OEMs will have this device defined but non-functional, macOS is unable to handle these situations.
SMBS System Managment Bus, used to allow devices tio easily communicate between each other.